![]() By comparison, a 170 g cup of brewed coffee contains caffeine concentrations varying between 77 and 150 mg. These beverages substantially differ in both caffeine content (ranging from 50 to 505 mg per can or bottle) and caffeine concentration (ranging from 2.5 to 171 mg per 28 mL). While youth caffeine consumption has receded in recent decades, the utilisation of energy drinks has concurrently surged. Data sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spotlight an average caffeine intake of 61 mg daily for teenagers. The rise of the energy drink market, particularly within the younger demographic, has caused a 70% escalation in caffeine ingestion among caffeine-consuming children and adolescents from 1977 to 2009. Furthermore, instances linking energy drink consumption to fatalities have been documented. ![]() Reports underscore that energy drinks have deleterious effects on a broad spectrum of bodily organs, culminating in mild adversities such as anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, dehydration, nervousness, and tachycardia, along with more severe outcomes like rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury (AKI), ventricular fibrillation, seizures, acute mania, and stroke. Adolescents gravitate towards these beverages to swiftly boost energy levels, enhance alertness, and increase scholastic or athletic performance.Ĭonsequences of this consumption pattern have led to a rising incidence of young individuals seeking medical attention in emergency departments due to an array of adverse health outcomes, as documented in results section. Prominent examples of energy drinks include Red Bull, Monster, NOS, Rockstar, Lucozade, Eastroc Super Drink, Bang Energy, and 5 Hour Energy, as described in Table 1. These products are marketed as enhancers of mental acuity and physical performance. These legal stimulants can increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines energy drinks (EDs) as “a class of products in liquid form that typically contains caffeine, with or without other added ingredients.” They typically contain large amounts of caffeine, added sugars, other additives, and legal stimulants such as guarana, taurine, and L-carnitine. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. ![]() The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption.
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