![]() Deng stepped down from all his official positions in November 1989, in the wake of an eruption of protests in Tiananmen Square. During Deng's tenure, his protégés Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang were head of the party and the government, but both of whom were later ousted from power. Deng also proposed the One Country, Two Systems principle for the governance of Hong Kong and Macau, as well as the future unification with Taiwan. In the 1980s, Deng advocated for the one-child policy to deal with China's perceived overpopulation crisis, helped establish China's nine-year compulsory education, launched the 863 Program for science and technology, and downsized the PLA by one million. In August 1980, Deng embarked on a series of political reforms, setting constitutional term limits for state officials and other systematic revisions, which were incorporated in the country's third constitution (1982). On 1 January 1979, the PRC officially established diplomatic relations with the United States after years of prelude, and Deng became the first paramount leader of China to visit the US. Still embroiled in the Sino-Soviet split that began during the 1960s, Deng's China fought a one-month war with Vietnam. This included designating special economic zones, such as Shenzhen. From 1977 to early 1979, he resumed the National College Entrance Examination that had not taken place for ten years, and initiated the Reform and Opening-up program that introduced elements of market capitalism to the Chinese economy. Among other things, the program sought to rehabilitate veteran CCP leadership, as well as millions of others that were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and sought to gradually bring the country back to order. Having inherited a country beset with institutional disorder and disenchantment with communism as orchestrated by Mao, resulting from the chaotic political movements of the previous decades, Deng and his allies launched the Boluan Fanzheng program. ![]() However, his right-leaning political and economic stances eventually caused him to fall out of favor with Mao, and he was the target of purges twice during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).įollowing Mao's death in September 1976, Deng outmaneuvered his chosen successor Hua Guofeng, and became China's paramount leader during the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in December 1978. As the party's Secretary-General under Chairman Mao Zedong, and Vice Premier under Premier Zhou Enlai during the 1950s, Deng presided over the Anti-Rightist Campaign spearheaded by Mao, and became instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the disastrous Great Leap Forward (1958–1960). In 1955, when the PLA adopted Russian-style military ranks, Deng was offered the position of marshal, which he declined. In 1952, he returned to Beijing and held a central position in the State Council. Following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, Deng served in Tibet and southwestern China as the regional party chief, working to consolidate party control in the region. He, Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi led the newly formed People's Liberation Army (PLA) into the former Kuomintang capital of Nanjing during the final stretch of the civil war. Deng was an important figure throughout the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949), including during the Long March (1934–1935) and in fighting against the Japanese (1937–1945). In 1931, he was demoted within the party due to his support for Mao, but was again promoted during the Zunyi Conference. ![]() Near the end of 1929, Deng led local Red Army uprisings in Guangxi. In early 1926, Deng travelled to Moscow to study political science, becoming a commissar for the Red Army upon his return to China. īorn in Sichuan during the end of the Qing dynasty, Deng moved to France in 1921 as a teenager, where he worked and studied in the coming years he became attracted to the theories of Vladimir Lenin, and in 1924 he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). After Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong's death in 1976, Deng gradually rose to supreme power and led China through a series of far-reaching market-economy reforms earning him the reputation as the "Architect of Modern China". Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989.
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